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Resource Key
Resource Level
We have graded each source in this Research Guide according to the following levels.
Level 1
Brief, easy to read information which may be basic and use informal language. Newspaper articles are generally this level.
Level 2
Generally includes subject-specific language, provides additional reading and may provide additional background information.
Level 3
Typically, these will be longer in length, detailed and contain technical information.
socio-economic development
Socio-Economic Development
Socio-economic development is the process of social and economic development in a society. Socio-economic development is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment. Changes in less-tangible factors are also considered, such as personal dignity, freedom of association, personal safety and freedom from fear of physical harm, and the extent of participation in civil society. Causes of socio-economic impacts are, for example, new technologies, changes in laws, changes in the physical environment and ecological changes. (Definitions)
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
- Triangular Trade
"The triangular trade was the three-legged route that made up the Atlantic slave trade. The trade traffic flowed to and from three general areas on either side of the Atlantic Ocean. These areas form a rough triangle when viewed on a map ... " - Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Research Starter
"Mass importation of African slaves into the thirteen British colonies became established practice during the mid-seventeenth century. Although slavery existed in every colony, the greater portion of the African population resided in the plantation South. The slave trade was carried on legally until 1808, when Congress outlawed it; afterward, it continued illegally until the time of the Civil War." - Details of first-ever voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed, 500 years on"Almost completely ignored by the modern world, this month marks the 500th anniversary of one of history's most tragic and significant events -- the birth of the Africa to America transatlantic slave trade. New discoveries are now revealing the details of the trade's first horrific voyages ... "
- Triangular Slave Trade
"In the fifteenth century, Western Europe’s sphere of influence began to expand. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean to world trade, specifically to trade within the confines of the Atlantic itself, played a major part in this growth. ... " - Slavery Throughout the WorldLoad a list of useful resources from the Gale World History Database all related to Slavery Throughout the World.
- Last Journey into Slavery"By 1860 enslaved people were the foundation of the American economy, more valuable than all the capital invested in manufacturing, railroads, and banks combined ...
- The Impact on Africa of the Slave Trade" ... But what of the African perspective? It is now widely acknowledged that Africans played an important role in responding to the demands of the slave traders ... "
- Transatlantic Slave Trade"The transatlantic slave trade is unique within the universal history of slavery for three main reasons: its duration - approximately four centuries
those vicitimized: black African men, women
and children, the intellectual legitimization attempted on its behalf - the development of an anti-black ideology and its legal organization, the notorious Code noir." - The Economic Basis of the Slave Trade"The transatlantic slave trade transformed the Americas. Three factors combined to cause this transformation. Large amounts of land had been seized from Native Americans and were not being used. Europeans were looking for somewhere to invest their money. Very cheap labour was available in the form of enslaved Africans. The Americas became a booming new economy."
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution 1750-1840
- The Industrial Revolution"Abundant fossil fuels, and the innovative machines they powered, launched an era of accelerated change that continues to transform human society ... "
- Industrial Revolution"The Industrial Revolution was a period of major changes in the way products are made. It took place more than 200 years ago and greatly affected the way people lived as well as the way they worked. In earlier days, people made products by hand ... "
- The Industrial Revolution - Research Starter"This article presents an overview of the industrial revolution in the United States and other developed nations in the nineteenth century. Although the United States is often associated with what is termed the "second industrial revolution" that began circa 1870, technical innovations or appropriations in the New England textile industry before 1840 established the groundwork for much of the later growth of the national economy."
- The Industrial Revolution and the Changing Face of Britain"During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Britain experienced change in all aspects of life, as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Scientific advances and technological innovations brought growth in agricultural and industrial production, economic expansion and changes in living conditions, while at the same time there was a new sense of national identity and civic pride ... "
- The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution"The Industrial Revolution increased the material wealth of the Western world. It also ended the dominance of agriculture and initiated significant social change ... "
- Social and Political Impact of the First Phase of the Industrial Revolution"From 1800 to 1850, the population of England and Wales doubled, from nine million to eighteen million. During the same period, the proportion of people living in cities rose from 10 percent to 50 percent ... "
- Industrial Revolution - Gale World History TopicLoad a range of references, articles, videos on the Industrial Revolution.
Convict Transportation to Australia
Convict Transportation to Australia 1750-1800
- Prison Hulks on the River ThamesAccess the various pages provided on this site which detail the reasons why convicts were sent overseas and the conditions during transportation.
- Colonisation of Australia"The colonization of Australia describes British settlement and government of the continent of Australia from 1788 to 1901. Explorer Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain when he encountered it on April 19, 1770, during his first Pacific voyage. Australia was at that time home to about 750,000 people of more than 500 Indigenous groups. Eighteen years later, Britain began sending convicts and settlers to Australia. Many convicts were given no choice before they were shipped there ... "
- Day in the Life of a Convict"Between 1819 and 1848 over 50,000 male convicts passed through the Hyde Park Barracks.
Some men were assigned to work for free settlers and they left soon after arriving. Others stayed at the Barracks for months or even years and worked for the government. They were called 'government men'." - The Australian Dream"The article presents a speech by the television journalist Stan Grant, delivered at the City Recital Hall, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on October 27, 2015. The topics addressed include impacts of colonization and discrimination in the Sydney and role of racism in destroying the Australian dream."
- A Colony Unchained" ... The convict experience helps us to understand the Australia of today ... The effect of the colonists' presence was devastating to the local Indigenous population ... "
- Australia Day 2020: why the British sent convicts Down Under-and how they named the country." ... But why did the British decide to travel to Australia and how did British explorer Captain Matthew Flinders give the country its name? Here's everything you need to know, including how controversy surrounding Australia Day has grown in recent years ... "
- The Last Fleet"This article reexamines the theories of John Braithwaite published in 2001 in the light of recently analysed historical court data. He argued that transported men and women enjoyed better conditions and better life chances than those who were imprisoned in British jails, and that the social and economic conditions in early- to mid-19th century Australia provided ex-convicts with opportunities to integrate into respectable society."
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