Impact of Catholic Church through history: First Vatican Council

'The article looks at the First Vatican Council of 1869-1870. According to the author, the Catholic Church was profoundly affected by upheavals during the French Revolution of the late 18th century and was experiencing institutional turmoil similar to the psychological condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder. Topics include the doctrine of papal infallibility, ultramontanism, and Church discipline...'

'In the wake of the French Revolution (1789), a rationalist worldview that had been generated in the preceding Enlightenment spread across Europe, challenging traditional Roman Catholic beliefs and the position of the Church in relation to civil governments...'

'This article investigates the hostile U.S. reaction to the First Vatican Council (1869–70) and the doctrine of papal infallibility...'

'The First Vatican Council defined papal infallibility, a widely misunderstood teaching
of the Church. The history of the Ecumenical Council that met in Rome between 1869
and 1870 reveals what the doctrine of papal infallibility really means...'

'Although Henry Edward Manning, archbishop and later cardinal of Westminster, often is labeled an extreme ultramontanist, he can be more accurately described as holding a “moderate” view of infallibility similar to the one defined at the First Vatican Council and held by Cardinal John Henry Newman...'